Global distribution, genesis, exploitation, applications, production, and demand of industrial heavy minerals
نویسندگان
چکیده
Heavy minerals (HMs) are used in many high-tech applications (e.g. nuclear reactors, photovoltaic cells, electronics, green, and nano- space technology), thus global demand is increasing day by day. This review article focused on the distribution, genesis, economic geology, exploration exploitation, (i.e. past, present, future status of annual production, consumption, price), (geological industrial uses), major environmental issues mostly related to HM sand industry. mineral deposits distributed more than 45 countries. Major located Australia, Asia, Africa, as secondary coastal placers bordering Indian Ocean. Onshore offshore Americas, Europe, other countries also contribute market. categorised primary (magmatic, hydrothermal, metamorphic) or (weathered, eroded, transported sediments) deposits. Titanium, zirconium, rare earth element (REEs) bearing key commodities current The heavy industry has experienced healthy growth unit price production due increased generated rapidly expanding economies such those China India. Global zircon, ilmenite, rutile gradually over last few decades. apparent consumption ilmenite declined slightly from 1970 1995, part introduction stringent regulatory measures government policies Europe North America, main consumers HMs at present. Mining utilisation planning following United Nations Sustainable Development Goals highly appropriate for sustainability industry, overcome ecological challenges, health issues, social resistance towards exploitation. Finally, we forecast changes three (ilmenite, rutile, zircon) decade 2020 2030, assuming there no disturbances external factors Covid-19 pandemic unfavourable geopolitical interventions.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Arabian Journal of Geosciences
سال: 2022
ISSN: ['1866-7511', '1866-7538']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10874-0